Project of chemistry
Aim :- To find the cation and anion in coconut water .
Requirement :- Test Tubes ,Test Tube Holder, Test Tube Stand ,Stop
Watch Beaker Bunsen ,China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath
Chemical Required:- coconut water,FeSO4 solution,
concentrated H2SO4
,AgNO3 Solution, lead acetate ,Ammonium molybdate, concentrated HNO3 ,Potassium
dichromate, NaOH solution, methylene blue,
Benedicts
solution, CuSO4 solution , Sodium cobaltinitnite Solution, Disodium Hydrogen
phosphate , NH4Cl, NH4OH, (NH4)2CO3 Potassium pyro antimonate universal
Indicator
Theory :-
Abstract: Coconut water (coconut liquid endosperm), with its many
applications, is one of
the world’s most versatile
natural product. This refreshing beverage is consumed
worldwide as it is
nutritious and beneficial for health. There is increasing scientific
evidence that supports the
role of coconut water in health and medicinal applications.
Coconut water is
traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissue
culture/micropropagation.
The wide applications of coconut water can be justified by its
unique chemical composition
of sugars, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and
phytohormones. This review
attempts to summarise and evaluate the chemical composition
and biological properties
of coconut water.
Keywords:
coconut water; phytohormone; auxin; cytokinin; gibberellin;
inorganic ion;
vitamin
Introduction
The coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important fruit tree in the tropical regions and the
fruit can be
made into a variety of foods and beverages (Figure 1). The edible
part of the coconut fruit (coconut
meat and coconut water) is the endosperm tissue. Endosperm tissues
undergo one of three main modes
of development, which are the nuclear, cellular and helobial modes
[1] and the development of
coconut endosperm belongs to the nuclear mode. Initially, the
endosperm is a liquid containing free
nuclei generated by a process, in which the primary endosperm
nucleus undergoes several cycles of
division without cytokinesis (the process in which the cytoplasm
of a single eukaryotic cell is divided
to form two daughter cells).
Cytokinesis then occurs, progressing from the periphery towards
the
center, thus forming the cellular endosperm layer. At first, the
cellular endosperm is translucent and
jelly-like, but it later hardens at maturity to become white flesh
(coconut meat). Unlike the endosperms
of other plants (e.g., wheat and corn), the cellularization
process in a coconut fruit does not fill up the
entire embryo sac cavity, but instead leaves the cavity
solution-filled. This solution is commonly
known as coconut water and it is of cytoplasmic origin . Nutrients
from coconut water are obtained
from the seed apoplasm (surrounding cell wall) and are transported
symplasmically (through
plasmodemata, which is the connection between cytoplasms of
adjacent cells) into the endosperm .
Coconut water should not be confused with coconut milk (Figure
1a), although some studies have
used the two terms interchangeably . The aqueous part of the
coconut endosperm is termed
coconut water (Figure 1b), whereas coconut milk, also known as
“santan” in Malaysia and Indonesia,
and “gata” in the Philippines (Figure 1a), refers to the liquid
products obtained by grating the solid
endosperm, with or without addition of water . Coconut water is
served directly as a beverage to
quench thirst (Figure 1b), while coconut milk is usually used as a
food ingredient in various traditional
cooking recipes (Figure 1a). The main components of coconut milk
are water (ca. 50%), fat and
protein , whereas coconut water contains mainly water (ca. 94%, Table 1). Unlike coconut water,
coconut milk, which is the source of coconut oil, is generally not
used in plant tissue culture medium
formulations .
Compared to coconut water, there are only limited studies on the
aqueous extract of coconut solid
endosperm (coconut meat or copra). Mariat et al. used coconut meat extract in orchid tissue
culture to
study its effects on orchid seed germination . Subsequently,
Mauney et al. purified a growth factor
from the aqueous extract of coconut meat which was found to be
very potent in promoting growth of
tissue cultured plants . Another group, Shaw and Srivastava
demonstrated the presence of purinelike
substances in coconut meat extract . The purine-like substances
were able to delay senescence
(the process of ageing in plants) in detached cereal leaves, which
exhibited similar known
physiological effects of cytokinins. Zakaria et al. showed that the aqueous extract of coconut meat
exhibited anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties when
tested on mice .
Conversely, coconut water has been extensively studied since its
introduction to the scientific
community in the 1940s. In its natural form, it is a refreshing
and nutritious beverage which is widely
consumed due to its beneficial properties to health, some of which
are based on cultural/traditional
beliefs [2,5–8,13–15]. It is also believed that coconut water
could be used as an important alternative
for oral rehydration and even so for intravenous hydration of
patients in remote regions . Coconut
water may also offer protection against myocardial infarction .
Interestingly, a study has shown
that regular consumption of either coconut water or mauby (a
liquid extracted from the bark of the
mauby tree, Colubrina arborescens), or particularly, a mixture of them, is effective in bringing
about
the control of hypertension .
Apart from that, coconut water is widely used in the plant tissue
culture industry . The
extensive use of coconut water as a growth-promoting component in
tissue culture medium
formulation can be traced back to more than half a century ago,
when Overbeek et al. first introduced
coconut water as a new component of the nutrient medium for callus
cultures in 1941 . From a
scientific viewpoint, the addition of coconut water to the medium
is rather unsatisfactory, as it
precludes the possibility for investigating the effects of
individual components of the medium with any
degree of accuracy. The question of which components cause the
growth stimulation arose
immediately. Besides its nutritional role, coconut water also
appears to have growth regulatory
properties, e.g., cytokinin-type activity.
Some of the most significant and useful components in coconut
water are cytokinins, which are a
class of phytohormones. The first cytokinin, N6-furfuryladenine (kinetin) was isolated from an
autoclaved sample of herring sperm DNA in 1955 . In 1963, Letham
isolated trans-zeatin, the
first naturally-occurring cytokinin, from a plant source (unripe
corn seeds) [24]. In addition to various
plant-related functions, it was also found that some cytokinins
(e.g., kinetin and trans-zeatin) showed
significant anti-ageing, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-thrombotic
effects.
Furthermore, micronutrients (nutrients needed in small quantities)
such as inorganic ions and
vitamins in coconut water play a vital role in aiding the human
body antioxidant system .
Hypermetabolism gives rise to an increased production of reactive
oxygen species (or free radicals), as
a result of increased oxidative metabolism. Such increase in free
radicals will cause oxidative damage
to the various components of the human cell, especially the
polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cell
membrane, or to the nucleic acids in the nucleus . Fortunately,
living organisms have well
developed antioxidant systems to neutralize the most detrimental
effects of these oxidizing species.
Micronutrients have important functions in this aspect. For
example, they act directly to quench free
radicals by donating electrons, or indirectly as a part of metallo
enzymes (a diverse class of enzymes
that require a catalytic metal ion for their biological activity)
such as glutathione peroxidase (selenium)
or superoxide dismutase (zinc, copper) to catalyse the removal of
oxidizing species .
Other components found in coconut water include sugars, sugar
alcohols, lipids, amino acids,
nitrogenous compounds, organic acids and enzymes, and they play
different functional
roles in plant and human systems due to their distinct chemical
properties. The myriad of compounds,
both known and unknown, provide coconut water with the special biological
properties that is known
to the typical layman. In this paper, we will present a summary on
the chemical composition of the
known compounds in coconut water.
Chemical Composition of Coconut Water
2.1. Phytohormones
Phytohormones are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds
that play crucial roles in
regulating plant growth in a wide range of developmental
processes. Initially, the term phytohormone
was synonymous with auxin. Later on, the other plant growth
regulators such as gibberellins (GAs),
ethylene, cytokinins, and abscisic acid (ABA) were categorized
together with auxins as the “classical
five” hormones . Coconut water contains auxin, various cytokinins,
GAs and ABA
PROCEDURE:-
Analysis of cation:-
Mg2+ :-To small amount of coconut water
,add NH4Cl & NH4OH in excess. Add NH4(Co3)2
solution & disodium Hydrogen phosphate solution.
RESULT:-White crystalline ppt.
K+ Test:-1)add freshly prepared sodium
cobaltnitrite solution to 5ml of coconut water Yellow ppt.
2)To
the second pard of coconut form add picric acid solution.
RESULT:- Yellow
shiny ppt .
Na+Test:-
Add potassium pyro antinionate to 5ml of coconut
water .
RESULT:- White
milk incss
Sodium:-
Potassium:-
Magnesium:-
Anion:-
Silver
nitrate Test:-
Add AgNo3 sol to coconut water. Then add
excess of NH4OH solution .
Fine White ppt. which dissolves in excess of NH4OH
RESULT:- Cl-
confirmed
Chromyl
chloride Test:-
Add solid potassium dichromate to coconut water
& heated it with conc.H2SO4 .Pass the evolved gas
through NaOH solution.
Acidify this solution with acetic acid & then
add lead acetate solution. Yellow ppt appear.
RESULT:- Cl-
confirmed
Ammonium
molybdate Test:-
Added ammonium molybdate & conc. HNO3 to
coconut water.
Appear canary Yellow ppt.
RESULT:-PO4 3-confirmed
Phosphate:-
Chloride:-
a)Silver nit :-
b)Chromyl:-
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